Biotic Impoverishment and Homogenization in Unfragmented Forest Understory Communities

Abstract:  Ecological change is often hard to document because of a lack of reliable baseline data. Several recent then-versus-now surveys of temperate forest and grassland communities demonstrate losses of local plant species, but most are based on data from a single site. We resurveyed understory communities in 62 upland forest stands in northern Wisconsin (U.S.A.) for which quantitative baseline data exist from 50 years ago. These stands are within a largely unfragmented region but vary in species composition and successional stage. We collected data on changes in (1) total and native species richness, (2) the ratio of exotic to native species, (3) the relative abundance of habitat generalists, and (4) community similarity among sites. We also compared how these rates of change varied over time. Over the past 50 years, native species density declined an average of 18.5% at the 20-m² scale, whereas the ratio of exotic species to native species increased at 80% of all sites. Habitat generalists increased, and habitat specialists declined, accounting in part for an 8.7% rise in average similarity in species composition among sites. Most of these changes cannot be related to succession, habitat loss, or invasion by exotic species. Areas without deer hunting showed the greatest declines in native species density, with parks and research natural areas faring no better than unprotected stands. Animal-pollinated and animal-dispersed species also declined, particularly at unhunted sites. These results demonstrate the power of quantitative multistand data for assessing ecological change and identify overabundant deer as a key driver of community change. Because maintaining forest habitats alone fails to preserve plant diversity at local scales, local biotic simplification seems likely to continue in the region unless active efforts are taken to protect diversity.     

Detection and delineation of critical areas using echelons and spatial scan statistics with synoptic cellular data

Geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation has become an important area of investigation both in geospatial ecosystem health and in geospatial public health. In order to find critical areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial ecosystem health investigations apply recently discovered echelon tools. In order to find elevated rate areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial public health investigations apply recently discovered spatial scan statistic tools. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a joint role for these together in the spirit of a cross-disciplinary cross-fertilization to accomplish more effective and efficient geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation, and early warning system.     

三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取地处三峡库区中心位置的重庆市石柱县549户居民作为调查对象,对库区居民膳食结构进行了调查,同时应用总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要蔬菜、肉类、粮食等样品,测定了铅、砷、镉、汞等4种重金属元素含量,分析了库区居民的重金属摄入水平.结果显示,1)除谷类、豆类、薯类和糖类外,城镇居民对其余各类食物的摄入量均高于农村居民的摄入量,城乡居民对谷类、蔬菜、水果、奶制品的摄入量还存在不足;2)库区食物中铅、镉超标较严重,其中乳类、蛋类铅含量分别为允许限量的4.98、4.54倍,砷、汞超标情况相对较轻;3)库区居民通过食物摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞4种有害重金属元素水平均低于相应的ADI值,但城镇居民、农村居民摄入的镉元素水平分别达到ADI值的86.88%和75.35%,应当引起警惕;4)薯类、谷类和蔬菜类食品是库区居民重金属摄入的主要膳食来源.     

天津城市热岛效应演变特征研究

城市热岛效应对城市生态环境影响极大,城市热岛及其环境效应的研究有利于城市合理规划和可持续发展。本文利用天津市1964—2003年城郊气温,1993年6月15日和2001年5月12日不同时间陆地卫星遥感资料分析了天津市热岛演变特征,结果显示天津城市发展对热岛效应影响明显,随年代以0.11℃/10a速率加强;2002年最强为1.2℃,是60年代末的2倍。7月份的热岛强度增强趋势明显;用平均气温分析热岛强度变化趋势表明:热岛强度在秋季最强春季最小,分别为0.16℃/10a和0.06℃/10a。平均最高气温差在四季中均有微弱上升趋势,平均为0.06℃/10a;平均最低气温差在秋季和冬季上升幅度最大,分别为0.16℃/10a和0.12℃/10a。不同年代遥感亮温场也表明天津城市化对热岛空间分布的影响。热岛分布基本与建成区一致,热岛中还包括许多大小不同、形状各异、强度有别的小热岛群;而且随着城市的发展,热场范围呈扩大趋势。最后对热岛变化规律的成因进行了初步分析。     

蚌、鱼混养在池塘养殖循环经济模式中的净化效能

以TP、TN、PO3-4-P、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、NH 4-N、CODMn、Chla等为主要水质指标研究了在池塘养殖循环经济模式中蚌、鱼混养对主养区养殖废水的净化效能.结果表明:在7月30日到12月2日的5次测定中,除Chla外,其他指标的去除率表现为先升高后降低的趋势.其中NH 4-N在各测定时间的去除率在25.58%～50.82%之间变化,平均去除率为38.05%,8月28日去除率最大,12月2日去除率最小;NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO3-4-P、TN、TP和CODMn去除率分别在16.95%～45.45%、25.23%～48.48%、18.37%～52.43%、19.47%～49.39%、12.24%～50.00%和31.88%～49.63%之间,平均去除率分别为26.93%、34.75%、36.50%、29.66%、32.49%和41.21%,且均在9月29日去除率达到最大,12月2日降低为最小.蚌、鱼混养对Chla的去除效果明显,平均去除率达83.49%.各测定时间的出水水质综合营养状态指数均明显低于进水.认为蚌、鱼混养对主养区养殖废水具有很好的净化效能.     

The Effect of Fragment Shape and Species' Sensitivity to Habitat Edges on Animal Population Size

Abstract:  Habitat fragmentation causes extinction of local animal populations by decreasing the amount of viable "core" habitat area and increasing edge effects. It is widely accepted that larger fragments make better nature reserves because core-dwelling species have a larger amount of suitable habitat. Nevertheless, fragments in real landscapes have complex, irregular shapes. We modeled the population sizes of species that have a representative range of preferences for or aversions to habitat edges at five spatial scales (within 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1000 m of an edge) in a nation-wide analysis of forest remnants in New Zealand. We hypothesized that the irregular shapes of fragments in real landscapes should generate statistically significant correlations between population density and fragment area, purely as a "geometric" effect of varying species responses to the distribution of edge habitat. Irregularly shaped fragments consistently reduced the population size of core-dwelling species by 10–100%, depending on the scale over which species responded to habitat edges. Moreover, core populations within individual fragments were spatially discontinuous, containing multiple, disjunct populations that inhabited small spatial areas and had reduced population size. The geometric effect was highly nonlinear and depended on the range of fragment sizes sampled and the scale at which species responded to habitat edges. Fragment shape played a strong role in determining population size in fragmented landscapes; thus, habitat restoration efforts may be more effective if they focus on connecting disjunct cores rather than isolated fragments.     

平原河网地区水源地水质对土地利用变化的响应——以黄浦江上游水源地为例

以黄浦江上游水源地为例,利用1999年上海水资源普查数据及2000年初成像的上海市1∶50 000彩红外航空像片,采用G IS空间分析技术、灰色关联分析技术,划分土地利用样带,设计水质改善指数,探讨平原河网地区水环境质量对土地利用结构的响应,以及水源水质对土地利用变化驱动力的响应。结果表明,黄浦江上游水环境质量受到土地利用格局及上游来水的综合影响,各样带工业用地比例与水质改善指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),松浦大桥取水口水质与上游来水水质以及水源地当地的工业发展、人口密度等土地利用变化驱动力具有很好的关联性。建议在开展平原河网地区水源保护工作中,应在关注上游来水状况的同时,从土地利用及其社会经济驱动两方面控制水文敏感区域土地开发强度,构筑水源地圈层土地利用格局。     

不同植被对工业污染区盐渍土的改良效果

以包头市西郊工业污染区盐渍化弃耕地为对象，研究了不同植被对土壤水盐动态和体积质量的影响。研究表明，造林后使林地内草本植物得到较快恢复，且归还土壤的枯落物比木本植物多，改良盐渍土壤和促进脱盐的作用较好；随植被盖度增加，盐渍土土壤含盐量和体积质量降低，盐渍土性状逐步改善。因此，在实施以耐盐树种造林为先导的工业污染区盐渍土恢复植被工程时，应适当降低造林密度，以利于林地内草本植物的恢复和建立林草复合植被，提高工业污染区盐渍土的生物治理效果。     

大冶龙角山矿区几种植物的重金属吸收特征

通过调查采样和化学测试,对大冶龙角山矿区小麦、油菜、莴苣、白菜苔、豌豆等几种主要农作物中的重金属Cu、Pb、Cd及类金属As的质量分数进行分析。结果表明,供试农作物中,莴苣的重金属(包括As)质量分数显著高于其它作物的,其中以Cd质量分数最高,而豌豆的重金属质量分数最低,其它作物重金属质量分数由高到低的顺序为油菜、腌菜、白菜苔、小麦;小麦中的重金属质量分数依次是w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cu) > w(Cr),油菜中为w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cr) > w(Cu),莴苣中为w(Cd) > w(Cu) > w(Pb) > w(As)> w(Cr);随河流向下,作物中重金属含量变化规律与相应土壤中重金属累积量基本一致,如油菜含铜量在上游为0.61 g/g,在下游为0.37 g/g。     

三江平原湿地岛状林CH4和N2O排放通量的特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对三江平原湿地岛状林生长季N2O、CH4的排放通量进行了为期4个月的原位测定,分析了三江平原湿地岛状林CH4、N2O排放通量的季节特征,并初步探讨了CH4、N2O排放通量与温度和土壤水分的关系.湿地岛状林CH4、N2O通量均呈现出明显的正负交替的变化特征, 通量范围分别为-560.45～706.35 μg/(m2·h)和-28.87～43.59 μg/(m2·h), 季节均值分别为41.88 μg/(m2·h)和11.56 μg/(m2·h).结果表明, 湿地三江平原湿地岛状林土壤是CH4和N2O的汇.相关分析表明,CH4和N2O的排放与箱内温度具有弱相关性.土壤水分是影响湿地岛状林土壤CH4吸收、排放关系的重要因素, 而土壤的干湿交替能促进岛状林土壤N2O的排放.